Capítulo 4: El arco magmático jurásico en Sonora, México—distribución, edades y ambiente tectónico
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22201/10.22201/igl.01855530e.2011.118.30Palabras clave:
Tectónica, Jurásico, megacizalla Mojave-Sonora, falla transformante, MéxicoResumen
El estado de Sonora contiene un registro excelente de rocas ígneas jurásicas que constituyen un segmento de un arco magmático que se extiende desde Alaska hasta el noroeste de México, y que está constituido por rocas volcánicas, volcaniclásticas y clásticas intrusionadas por plutones. Las variaciones litológicas y de edad sugieren que estas rocas jurásicas formen grupos separados por estructuras como la megacizalla Mojave-Sonora, la falla San Antonio, la falla Los Ajos y el Alto de Cananea.
La megacizalla Mojave-Sonora y las otras estructuras mencionadas constituyen límites entre los distintos conjuntos de rocas jurásicas de diferentes edades. De ahí que se pueda diferenciar distintos dominios de rocas ígneas jurásicas en el norte de Sonora: (1) Cuenca San Antonio, una región en donde las rocas pre-jurásicas son desconocidas. Al norte de la megacizalla Mojave-Sonora, rocas volcánicas, volcaniclásticas y clásticas, intrusionadas por plutones (175-160 Ma), componen parte de la provincia ígnea del Jurásico Medio (ca. 175 Ma). (2) Alto de-Cananea, donde las rocas del Jurásico sobreyacen a rocas cristalinas del basamento de 1.7–1.4 Ga. (3) El dominio Mojave-Sonora se caracteriza por rocas jurásicas sedimentarias e ígneas que están comúnmente muy deformadas, como lo indica la presencia de cabalgaduras, foliación milonítica y pliegues recostados. El dominio Mojave-Sonora se extiende por la margen suroeste de la cuenca San Antonio. (4) Al sur de la megacizalla Mojave-Sonora, en el centro y sur de Sonora, las rocas clásticas y volcaniclásticas del Jurásico Inferior distinguen al dominio Caborca. (5) El área que se ubica al este de la falla Los Ajos se denomina Terreno Norteamericano, cuyo basamento está conformado por rocas cristalinas metamórficas e intrusivas, cuya característica principal es la ausencia de rocas jurásicas volcánicas e intrusivas.
La disminución del magmatismo del Jurásico Medio fue seguida por la formación de cuencas de desgarre oceánicas, ca. 165 Ma, en la parte oeste del margen de la placa Norteamericana indicando, además, el comienzo de fallamiento transtensional. Casi contemporáneamente (ca. 163 Ma), las unidades volcánicas inferiores y las gruesas capas sedimentarias que las cubren comenzaron a acumularse en cuencas continentales pull-apart limitadas por fallas como la cuenca San Antonio en el norte de Sonora y otras en el suroeste de Estados Unidos y el norte de México.
Al norte de la megacizalla Mojave-Sonora, las rocas magmáticas del Jurásico afloran cerca de las zonas de relajación y en los pisos de algunas de las cuencas de desgarre. La distribución sugiere que el magma se haya emplazado a lo largo de las fallas y en las áreas con corteza delgada. El cese del fallamiento a rumbo comenzó hace aproximadamente 150 Ma, como lo muestran los cuerpos intrusivos sin deformar que cortan rocas deformadas del Jurásico Medio. Las intrusiones, la cubierta volcánica más joven y los múltiples eventos de fallamiento extensional y compresional oscurecen las estructuras del Jurásico en Sonora. Sin embargo, a pesar de estas complicaciones, se puede eliminar los efectos de las estructuras superpuestas y revelar una traza viable para la falla lateral del Jurásico Tardío y vincularla con segmentos de la falla más al norte. La posición de la megacizalla se puede limitar por los dominios tectonoestratigráficos distintivos.
La historia tectónica del Jurásico Medio-Tardío y del Cretácico Temprano incluye: (1) subducción entre los 175–165 Ma; (2) evento de fractura al disminuir la subducción (ca. 165 Ma); (3) fractura, transtensión, fallamiento a rumbo, transpresión y compresión (165–145 Ma); y (4) renovación de la subducción (ca. 135 Ma) a lo largo de la margen occidental de la placa de Norteamérica.
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