Capítulo 7: Evolución geológica de Sonora durante el Cretácico Tardío y el Cenozoico
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22201/10.22201/igl.01855530e.2011.118.33Palabras clave:
Cretácico Tardío, Laramide, Cenozoico, Sonora, basin and range, complejo de núcleo metamórfico, golfo de California, magmatismo post-subducciónResumen
La evolución tectónica y magmática de Sonora fue controlada durante parte del Cretácico Tardío y gran parte del Cenozoico por la subducción de la placa Farallón abajo de la placa de América del Norte. El registro de las anomalías magnéticas en la parte oceánica preservada (ahora incorporada a la placa Pacífico) muestra una aceleración de la acreción oceánica durante el Cretácico Tardío-Paleógeno. La migración del magmatismo calcialcalino hacia el oriente permite correlacionar esta aceleración con un aumento de la velocidad de subducción y una disminución paulatina del ángulo de subducción, lo cual permite un acoplamiento entre la placa subducida y la placa superior que se manifiesta por una compresión moderada en Sonora. La migración del magmatismo hacia el este culmina durante el Oligoceno con la formación de la Sierra Madre Occidental, antes de un retroceso progresivo a través de Sonora hasta alcanzar la posición del arco Comondú.
Simultáneamente, la regresión del arco magmático hacia la trinchera se acompaña de una extensión regional de la placa superior entre el Oligoceno Tardío y el Mioceno Tardío. Es la etapa de basin and range que se caracteriza por una morfología conforme a la formación de horsts y grabens en la parte superior de la corteza, y por la exhumación de niveles más profundos a lo largo del cinturón de complejos de núcleo metamórfico, como el de Mazatán. Las edades de enfriamiento a temperaturas bajas en las zonas miloníticas de las fallas de bajo ángulo y las edades del volcanismo contemporáneo indican que los dos estilos de deformación son expresiones de una misma etapa de extensión que afecta diferentes niveles estructurales.
El cese progresivo de la subducción a partir de 12 Ma y la apertura del golfo de California marcan un cambio cinemático fundamental en la región. Sin embargo, el rifting continental reactiva las estructuras de la provincia Basin and Range, cuyo límite occidental coincide con el “Escarpe Principal del Golfo”, el cual coincide con el límite occidental de la Provincia Extensional del Golfo de California. El volcanismo post-subducción sigue muy activo en la Península de Baja California, recientemente separada del continente, y en el golfo de California, así como en las áreas aledañas. La variedad geoquímica que lo caracteriza indica una gran diversidad de las fuentes magmáticas probablemente asociadas a la presencia de una ventana astenosférica debida al desgarre de la placa oceánica subducida.
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