Part 3: Geothermometry and Geobarometry in Mantle and Crustal Base Xenoliths in the State of San Luis Potosí, Mexico
Keywords:
Geothermometry, geobarometry, xenoliths, alkaline rocks, San Luis Potosí, MexicoAbstract
Alkaline and basic, of Quaternary age; some of them transported to the surface xenoliths from the mantle and the base of the crust. Among the localities with inclusions, six phreatomagmatic structures or maars (explosion craters) stand out due to the abundance and variety of their xenoliths. These craters are surrounded by pyroclastic deposits composed of a heterolithic tuffaceous breccia made up of basanite, limestone, and xenoliths.
In the craters where magmatic activity preceded the eruptions that formed the maars, basanitic rocks devoid of xenoliths can be observed beneath the heterolithic breccias. The maars are grouped into two distinct clusters, designated as the Ventura Group (La Joya Honda, La Joyuela, and Laguna de Los Palau) and the Santo Domingo Group (La Joya Prieta, La Joya de los Contreras, and Xalapasco de Santo Domingo). These groups exhibit marked differences in both geological setting and xenolith assemblages, each associated with a tectonic feature of different regional significance.
The volcanoes of the Ventura Group are associated with a large graben known as the Villa de Reyes Graben. The Santo Domingo Group, located 75 km from Ventura, appears to be associated with a normal fault (?) trending E-W, which displaces all the main structures of the area.
The xenolith assemblages vary widely in composition, ranging from ultramafic to felsic, as well as in mineral paragenesis and texture. The most abundant xenolith type in five of the maars is spinel lherzolite; in contrast, in the remaining maar, kaersutite megacrysts are the most common inclusion.
Xenoliths found in both volcanic groups include two-pyroxene granulite, garnet and/or spinel websterite, two-pyroxene granulite with garnet and/or spinel, and quartz-feldspathic gneiss with sillimanite and garnet. In the Santo Domingo Group, the following are found almost exclusively: hornblendite, kaersutite megacrysts, and high-pressure cumulate igneous rocks. In the Ventura Group, only spinel gabbro xenoliths are found.
Xenoliths with no visible alteration and reduced variance—degrees of freedom—in their paragenesis were selected for geochemical and petrological studies. The composition of the mineral phases in these samples was analyzed using an electron microprobe. The studied parageneses were: (1) Ol + Opx + Cpx + Spl; (2) Opx + Cpx + Grt + Pl; (3) Opx + Cpx + Spl + Grt; (4) Opx + Cpx + Spl + Pl; (5) Grt + Pl + Spl + Opx + Cpx; and (6) Grt + Sil + Qtz + Pl + Sa. Chemical and phase equilibrium data were used to determine the range of temperature and pressure conditions under which the xenoliths formed. Equilibrium temperature was estimated using thermal dependencies such as: (1) albite content in feldspar; (2) Fe-Mg partitioning between olivine and spinel and between garnet and clinopyroxene; (3) the pyroxene solvus; and (4) aluminum content in pyroxene.
Pressure was estimated based on: (1) the position of the sillimanite–kyanite reaction in the pressure–temperature diagram; (2) the stability limit of anorthite at high pressure and temperature; (3) the reaction separating the stability field of spinel gabbro from that of garnet–clinopyroxene granulite; and (4) the transition from spinel lherzolite to garnet lherzolite. The collected evidence indicates that all xenoliths equilibrated at temperatures of 950–1,000 °C and pressures ranging from 10 to 16 kb. It is believed that the xenoliths originated from a restricted zone corresponding to the mantle–crust interface.
This information was used to estimate the thickness of the crust in central Mexico, as well as its geothermal gradient, which appears to be similar to that of the Basin and Range Province in the United States of America.
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